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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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% z, v. @: ~0 J. ~; F. ^. {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, # {- h( F3 X2 E; V( y# ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ u" s7 T2 K3 r2 R- }' s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ V# T, r9 [9 }) V3 J5 ^$ Z "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, * }; z8 K6 D4 s) B. b, ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,! W! ]6 A* x( Y0 \% v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * X# o8 b1 W4 ~% X# Q) Y; x# Y"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. Y; G! ]% e7 Y" T" ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 7 V3 |- {5 Y% _6 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, * U+ T$ ?- L3 w. b4 A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! s; Z4 z0 g5 V. J# l K"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, * U& t+ }$ _, T: l$ n7 g! o8 k: Q" b( R! H: a5 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 1 \0 j. m0 \: _; U% l8 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, # J" r7 M4 a; j9 z! P7 @. V6 r- M" V x9 J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 F$ ^9 M7 A2 @- o, L"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, , x1 w' e( ^4 N$ A7 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, v W5 E/ D8 T U$ h- A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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5 {; w5 r# t5 T. y% w2 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,* ]2 b9 |; q. Y5 v8 K& k/ g2 r0 n : s4 Q0 u* R/ J4 _5 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' L) A2 O/ k% [# z, `5 X' [* ~"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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' C! q' w" ]: |1 d' ^+ r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 1 U* Z( u* w# t% E5 p6 z, _+ y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ - ~ e: x/ `) e5 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” S0 x0 N# g7 X( i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) o+ u% d. G7 x- f; ]5 O6 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 2 `6 k( ~( K2 G1 B# [5 h6 Z* w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " `5 s& E& n3 K# Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' G3 b& n4 E3 L$ y7 l X' @- j. k8 E"Times New Roman"">前者为因, " r5 W0 O: {6 _( `' Y6 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 0 P9 U4 I5 q$ d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , \* H# k/ x8 t# H M3 ^"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 1 ^' T7 [1 C& b+ Y( ^8 @" E0 c; B6 f& E4 `) _4 O# Q( Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, # T, B& b, R0 |, M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, $ ~6 z+ b! X pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. h4 z3 T. K& E7 v" ^4 ~& P "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 2 |8 C; x2 [& c* |. x8 Y$ \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! v3 ~* N) @( e+ f6 P7 S7 F; j4 Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 f$ w K, v* b" ^ "Times New Roman"">“ , ]! H2 _/ v" n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . Q! w$ n) E1 s/ u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 9 Y/ K5 C* x( R5 z5 I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 3 L) }, v! _. g- `3 x3 ], T$ b+ o4 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( p& j: n3 i% i "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:/ x. B2 \4 V1 j( f# V % R& i, M' }4 X1 z( F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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" I; p2 c: w# C& | @0 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 - j$ ?- v/ [" U5 v, T7 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, # o0 `! U0 C0 a3 u1 q- W* Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 j" i7 Z: q9 L) L% P6 x. ` "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,7 P4 A4 Z& }& Z1 ] : Q& A5 N" u6 Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, - [/ ^# S/ F2 G0 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Q/ c2 C( G" m, s$ T: j"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, : m; B. [, `9 T& V& C' s' z# N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 6 |) _& J4 U" W1 v# t& D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里; V5 g& U- q/ ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 , C' H5 m; _( Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(6 i% ^: z/ V% p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), @1 m M# c$ U0 ^: n' d: I# S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; ^( {# G$ Y3 K* b$ h0 R. X% G8 M* |, Z "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用9 w7 t! O1 S& a- v% C2 E- n* b 12.0pt">, & m% W" E. W) j; r( X: e& x2 g0 j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, , w9 k; c- H7 k0 `' H* Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 X9 z; ]3 _: ?7 o"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, $ o+ [8 L% p5 m! Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!( g& b) ^8 A B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 x8 }% W* F& c. K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' D* K1 X' C" G/ @9 g6 d& L& Q "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 8 ]# A) q6 x1 E2 o/ ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 i3 D. A# t! P7 k1 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ) S3 P. A2 y# v( s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 O8 V2 S! F R+ U, v# a/ M "Times New Roman"">“ " O8 z. I/ M. N/ r* g { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; v( _" o' Z3 F) h9 _7 r S# V12.0pt"> . P- Y2 w' E0 F9 v* ["Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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' [, i, r9 X/ _; p6 ]7 _" m9 [( Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 8 k9 L/ I6 @, P; w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, $ V: v0 Y. E' W6 u4 s+ \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 t0 z3 L1 J# h1 h1 |1 B"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, - z7 z) Y I9 E- _$ w3 v5 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, F- }; D4 d) R; W3 M9 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, + A( L1 x! B: B. y# c2 s9 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 T9 L g( H* N1 V/ j "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; n* S) _8 W2 I8 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 H0 M3 s8 K& ]% s# Y7 W+ B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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6 d+ p0 \$ M( n9 _4 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,1 n5 j7 B' y @$ u/ ] ! B ]& c/ q1 k) ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) Q* V5 n! Y$ H"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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`; B" ?' d7 M6 E/ i9 }/ _6 Q0 K7 }' pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . M9 ^: F% W8 t: `1 Y% Q, G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, c3 j5 ]9 A1 V0 ^: h5 O6 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + w- c% t, [1 t c" W2 k0 U"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, & U4 j* y) x. l4 w: f) i! U9 C, v7 |+ w# C; M, ~* [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 j' a g5 ], w( P2 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( [( o8 A+ j" u0 v"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,- j+ m1 l5 r% m- d/ m$ \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ; y7 j3 |2 L. ~' W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ n3 ?& z2 _' D8 Q8 c4 b+ [ "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题1 \/ C' t0 d) l7 W, T12.0pt">: P: ^+ _. K& Y" I! U"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 5 x% I- E( q# l( n) u; S3 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ d+ r7 b7 M$ l5 | "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才3 N9 O6 O% V: V; N5 {$ K' G# V12.0pt">, 4 @% T2 q( C. l' j( N" x" p: { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 1 p0 h9 ^8 i# M0 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 x& {5 }5 q; C1 g% ^$ k "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; - x6 t2 x+ c, p& rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, + [$ X, |) J' s9 H- t) Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, % x: j# ?$ B- J! J9 ~0 t; c' kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ y# ?. q% G- [* D "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题+ m9 ?9 `( ^, f/ \# F5 w2 z 12.0pt">; 5 ^5 [2 z, }# K$ i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, # V' X! h' A7 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 y9 d3 G9 j8 X8 R: N"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求' W$ w; f1 X. I2 e 12.0pt">: " D8 a" O0 \8 d# [6 V" |9 p+ x "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / [% V* K H* Z/ u# p A' `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 [7 m/ {) u9 w3 d }1 M"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ( y/ K) X, y; p, w* h! h6 ^4 q- Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 3 @. i0 ~) C8 }$ t( A0 B, ?5 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / i' B3 B3 {: D! g! A"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统( J) z! B& _0 h; \9 h( L12.0pt">:

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}/ m6 P* d. ?( g' I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,# C8 }& | f/ y0 K* g" M # ~" e$ x- Q& Q+ g$ y6 v) Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 i N8 P3 W6 I"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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+ K- e1 N5 R# d- t8 O& ]2 K7 L& Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, $ ]! U" J2 K5 r2 E7 _0 }! } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 l, s& e% f: j9 ] "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, * c. k" J, Q' ?! J9 g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 2 d/ b' Z$ \- E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& X8 |+ ]( N2 d# O4 I$ ` "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,. ?0 P2 ]( P& r, y* N : w8 b. e1 M9 M1 G7 V7 E. u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 8 E% l) r" q; b4 A/ } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % P$ B0 ~& u" A" ["Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, / |, U- S5 m. U' U) h1 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 1 f1 s3 [2 E, z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * p9 x% [8 l P; nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 _( h4 {8 w7 F' f9 L "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, $ l# l; b! y' Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, : ~$ e/ r8 E8 \* ~2 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 o& v8 X& M1 @"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ) l& u9 P4 Y c/ u6 r- [3 C8 t* w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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1 K) U+ b3 t0 _: d* D& u, @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,5 T: I' L) Z8 q3 y, M7 B6 U: Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( k9 @* B8 R, ^5 T3 p) ^" T"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定4 e$ _" i `- |( V! W* n4 l; r 12.0pt">, 8 Z- j% e, m% [% f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 w* G3 q% s; ?. Z R( r$ Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 ?) c# }6 c+ z+ H: H5 t"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:8 |1 O( l* ^' f" v( pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, * _ Y/ Z' q( f2 T/ E. L/ h" W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ( i7 O: o5 I) `% q4 T, t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 u9 \0 B, A3 p4 U1 |' {"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 5 s( C0 o+ C6 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : [0 s |( d2 P" P% }$ Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 b6 a/ T% N% A0 C+ m' V' } "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ) |; O! P9 B/ w$ y% P, t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * m) c1 _9 ^) A+ Y0 @, y/ M- q, B. {9 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! _% b% v! i4 l/ E; v1 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 J" t. L/ d1 l/ O9 v8 y1 N"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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