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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第- [2 y$ }; e. y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：# [. u9 x, T. w( V" ?# S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。* c. s; a- C, ^# I7 f4 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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% h: O4 t: |( p" `Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。# z4 H% S; _( A; Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“- d) M$ O$ v- J# O' t
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+ `+ u. C- T# {+ p+ pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经; e* H7 e( Q n% y0 g/ `1 T
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8 C6 c! r+ f' X- Y' @, Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。) I' [& W, Z/ y
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2 m" E+ S% q; k6 v+ b6 z) O, NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：, [8 a: u. f8 p, Q `; M) S. A
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- q T( O7 H; Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是% }1 H/ A* O, M- A: N- ^
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。! d* S# D% m. c6 g/ \& [" |; ]
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9 G% l1 m( E B3 {Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？, K4 v( D; A% n8 w: c' |. @0pt">
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% E; p) ?6 W2 Z% h) X6 S! d8 _9 TTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，! ]: ~1 z" z4 h5 S" F Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">"1 O' i5 Y A W$ \0 R Q f& Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;% ?3 C7 J) M* [- t, l; |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。) ^. J2 @2 P+ h7 i% U/ D! emso-font-kerning:0pt"> ! k$ N* V2 J+ {3 m7 r& s6 V$ ?' e
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐4 l# a. y" f l9 ]
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种" Q( c1 Y7 S6 u& amso-font-kerning:0pt">“) f1 `' B3 W/ l$ c8 x/ cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" A- [ w4 s/ w4 [) d5 o
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的9 _4 i8 [" P& n/ E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐 |, J: t! u! v( k& ^' J' t: _
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" l/ A, \: }% m- V3 B& G- w8 W" w' Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，# r8 ^2 |/ D/ C. [+ t
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$ I, G; J' a% ]* Y( D1 b* X. O' Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教& M/ c) z F6 Y" _& Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">”" i6 \- `' g, r* i9 T
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5 _* o$ r a$ P* G9 }0 bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。# d. \& L# N6 E2 \mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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6 G) E+ Q1 [; U+ k' p7 Q/ [5 ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌' q; _; {3 h z1 @9 G- w3 e# C8 _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视; x2 C) X! {! n1 F
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗. C* v! y/ E3 m" p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：' }+ r; V& @/ }2 c. P
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( @9 d* B5 l1 Q2 Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。9 J5 Q, R! k8 g: ~ {/ U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语3 D* l& P8 S* [/ d) M6 o# p# k D4 q& q
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: a! T& @9 D8 w& { Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）: |8 U- n% z' Z# ]
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0 H+ D4 S5 l3 A1 B% Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。: q7 r/ X3 Q3 d4 G; B2 T, @1 K' t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语+ y2 ^5 O; c$ R3 [* I6 `
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过5 I! x- O+ p- ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨0 C. k6 x8 f. s4 v* ~- l% z: Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ u. u. R- E! m( T4 Q5 R$ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
) ^9 B, K( \$ U9 A" R7 y) i% bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人2 C- a* e, x! U! c1 \# umso-font-kerning:0pt">“4 c3 {+ f1 L* L( Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
5 u/ T* m( [3 Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪7 X5 d9 Q6 x) I0 H: qmso-font-kerning:0pt">”* ]9 G* {0 O8 {6 {
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W$ {( \, z6 V5 g" v' cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。" `/ B9 A+ J: ~; O/ `$ r% J
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9 Q2 Y- w3 `/ P# g7 Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。. k+ B) X4 i9 J% P* ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">” 2 u/ Q, h' o9 J4 ]
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# x& `3 c2 x( [+ [7 _; z" ?Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。& X7 ?% S7 w' o
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4 H7 k. W6 d$ b$ V F0 O4 V7 `mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。/ ]& I! \4 i: P$ I3 c
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。. h# R3 e/ e/ H& |$ I; J' imso-font-kerning:0pt">——+ o. X* P, i9 I+ I9 ?; ]
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- m; f- n/ ]( A- K/ xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃$ `& T; @0 q+ Z2 @" `mso-font-kerning:0pt">“! [8 G: _/ F" _% M6 g8 W2 c
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2 H' I: l8 b7 Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”- c6 O, o6 i+ W4 Y$ v
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。* p- c. |- b3 }% _mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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, c3 L0 m. ^, m) G4 jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。& q0 E ?' z: i6 S, Z$ Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">”" d4 w- `( q8 m5 A0 Q- }- X# h% ]! ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于& b D8 a* Q# ?7 S3 P2 j7 j t9 y8 W- Z
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' v4 C- L3 s8 Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨8 f3 O) U6 H5 S$ [0 ?! |$ u
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) Z6 {* \: K7 g; j* z( Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓8 z9 A" ~+ B( w, O+ [# u f& Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 q" Y3 V" K+ x+ m
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0 ~% k7 ?9 {8 c! nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓& |8 T4 K+ g5 w: s! W
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0 e h* H( P3 @6 a% Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓% z- R+ a8 e, _! [2 E# `% x3 Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 |+ m2 E7 {0 g3 Q' q* I
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓1 c7 B; X/ K/ G: U# p" m
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;! P; i( j& ~7 I2 |6 Q7 T: M" s8 L
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨. U6 K6 m% l6 c; Y1 Q( R
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7 b1 r; Q" ^2 P1 [4 Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼( [" J" k- ~+ B- m; u: D X1 \8 E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤% u% y& k* s$ h4 Y5 w
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3 N/ O9 j( L/ \8 d! L! xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语% y8 z" e1 r% W9 \
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" F- J5 g7 v, j5 X: m+ Y2 X$ a2 Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能% J5 c M' h! N; a8 ?4 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 e7 G2 o g' s, c5 N: kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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/ d2 h; \. G. x" {! n% I {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹6 U/ X1 @+ h+ ^2 c$ P" I
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$ d3 |( |: Q6 tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人* C; }' F2 P. z6 ^. p0 _3 x( gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“. p5 D0 Q5 K: X, c# _- v8 ?0 R1 Q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪& J/ `/ {, R8 G9 O! Q3 l0 I1 F3 _
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7 {: x, X- I1 I `& M- z! RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。! L4 {7 M5 d2 {9 M3 Z$ O) @mso-font-kerning:0pt">+ @/ w" b' m+ z. S) Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;( f: S: t, x" e3 n
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8 m& ~# R' _* KTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。. g6 ~1 o( K8 x4 m1 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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